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Since October of 2013, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has made a transition towards the expansion of top-level names. This action has sparked concern in Internet stakeholders in regards to security concerns. ICANN was previously responsible for managing 22 domain names, including, “.com,” “.gov,” and others. With plans to rapidly rollout more names, government entities, businesses, consumers, and internet users have recognized a number of the associated security concerns. Today, there are 322 new top-level domains (TLDs) that have been granted by ICANN.

What are the resulting security threats?

Phishers and scammers have grown in number since the growth of TLDs, hijacking domains shortly after registration. There have also been instances of malware and phishing pages registered under specific and popular TLDs, transferring risks to users. The lack of preparation and security that exists in the Internet ecosystem is a perfect environment for criminals to display malicious activity. Domain name collisions are occurring due to TLDs colliding with old and unresolved names that have been embedded in the global root. The result of such collisions is server delay, outages, and data theft that leave consumer information exposed. Malware and cybersquatting have also been exhibited in the top 35 most trafficked new TLD sites. TLDs continue to cause confusion and lack of security, with 36 being permitted to have singular and plural versions [e.g., .car(s), .work(s)], and 44 possessing close alternatives, such as .finance/.financial and .engineer(ing).

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Many startups, entrepreneurs, and business owners will consider registering a corporation instead of remaining a partnership or a limited liability company. To become incorporated, an incorporator must file the company’s articles of incorporation with the state of choice, which provides information including the company’s official name. However, the status of being a corporation under California is not guaranteed to last indefinitely unless all the requirements are met. The lack of compliance may lead to the corporation being suspended or forfeited.

What is a suspended corporation?

A suspended or forfeited corporation does not stop being an association, but it loses all the rights and privileges of a corporation and cannot legally act as a corporation while suspended. The Secretary of State’s office or the Franchise Tax Board, which have the authority to suspend a corporation, use this power to sanction a company. Suspension occurs when the company fails to file its tax return under Revenue & Taxation Code § 23301, fails to pay taxes, or fails to file its “Statement by Domestic Nonprofit Corporation” or “Statement by Common Interest Association.”   The inconveniences of filing these documents or paying taxes are greatly outweighed by the consequences of not filing or paying what is required.

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In the past few months, more domestic and foreign regulations of digital currencies are being proposed. However, New York is at the forefront of establishing new Bitcoin regulations, and California not far behind. By the end of May, it is likely that the updated BitLicense bill regulatory framework will be released and used as an example for other states.

What are the New York and California Proposed Regulations?

Benjamin Lawsky, New York’s first Superintendent of Financial Services, announced the parameters of the bill this year. The BitLicense bill will stipulate that businesses will need a license if they handle (i.e., store, transfer) Bitcoin for customers, cover or issue digital currency, exchange Bitcoin for other currency, or buy and sell digital currency to or from a customer. Merchants that only accept digital currency for purchases will not need a license. Any licensed company will have to maintain a certain amount of capital, which will be assessed using an assortment of factors. State officials say that feedback is still welcome and that the bill is a work in progress. The goal in the end, however, is that the new regulations would protect consumers who use digital currency by establishing rules and guidelines.

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In recent times, the non-consensual publishing of private images online has been a topic of debate among lawmakers. Since our last article discussing revenge porn, there have been new laws passed and proposed that show state governments’ increasing pushback against posters of revenge porn and their facilitators. More and more states are passing laws that address cyberstalking, cyberharassment, and similar offenses leading to a wide array of people prosecuted for revenge porn.

What is the new California law?

On October 1, 2013, Senate Bill 255 (“SB 255”) took effect and was codified in California Penal Code § 647(j)(4). On January 1, 2015, a new amendment to this section went into effect specifying that a defendant is liable if he/she should have known that the subject of the photo did not consent to having his/her picture published online. An amendment to California Civil Code § 1708.85, also came into effect recently in order to allow victims of revenge porn to sue for civil damages. Now, revenge porn posters and hosts may be held liable, both criminally and civilly, in California. In fact, a recent California case caused quite a stir when the operator of a website, who allowed third-party posting of revenge porn, was sentenced to 18 years in prison for identity theft and extortion. So, with the new civil code amendment, this form of prosecution should be more available to victims.

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The CAN-SPAM Act is the federal act that preempts state anti-spam laws. In response to this federal statute, California, and many other states have passed similar anti-spam laws. Do you have a new company that needs to market to a broader community? Will your company create an email list to reach out to new users, customers, or clients? Then you should be aware of the federal and state laws and how they can create liability.

What is the CAN-SPAM Act?

The CAN-SPAM Act mostly focuses on unsolicited commercial email. It stands for Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing. This federal law prohibits any commercial email that is fraudulent or deceptive and requires all email messages to include an opt-out option for the recipients. Although, the law is focused on companies that disguise the source or purpose of the email, the impetus for passing the bill was the growing cost problem for those receiving mass amounts of emails such as non-profit companies, educational facilities, and other businesses with limited server space. However, this law “only provides a private cause of action to internet service providers that have been adversely affected by prohibited commercial e-mails, and does not extend a cause of action to the recipients of such e-mails.” See Hypertouch, Inc. v. ValueClick, Inc., 192 Cal. App. 4th 805, 123 Cal. Rptr. 3d 8 (2011). Therefore, it is up to the states to determine whether individual recipients of spam can bring suit against companies or individuals.

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There has been a surge of new laws and regulations passed by governments to implement security and privacy measures for companies storing information in the cloud. This surge is due to recent security breaches and the realization of how much information can be compromised. Information stored in the cloud ranges from personal information to confidential government intelligence. Although, the most publicized breaches may be of celebrity’s compromising photographs, many other breaches of medical insurance companies and credit card accounts have affected the public. It is only natural that a set of new privacy and security laws are drafted both internationally and domestically as the use of cloud computing technology expands.

What are some of the international laws?

In general, each country has been forming its own laws governing privacy and security of information. For example, Australia, Canada, Japan, and Korea have comprehensive privacy regimes without onerous registration requirements. Also, organizations, such as the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) and Information Technology & Innovation Foundation (ITIF) are trying to assist in finding a clear set of widely-accepted security procedures that will lead to a more consistent set of policies for companies to follow when storing information. Until this is accomplished, companies have to assess the laws and regulations of countries that may affect them. Companies then have to decide the best security and privacy measures to protect them from liability.

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In 2011, Congress proposed two relatively similar bills—House of Representatives’ Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Senate’s Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PIPA)—that legislators and lobbyists hailed as providing important protections against piracy and counterfeiting online. Yet, this apparently strong support was quickly withdrawn when a massive online protest in January 2012 sparked intense and ultimately fatal opposition to the bills.

Despite the strong public disapproval and lack of Congressional support, in July 2014 the Intellectual Property Law (IPL) Section of the ABA issued a white paper proposing that Congress enact legislation allowing essentially the same private copyright infringement suits against allegedly infringing foreign websites as those provided for in SOPA and PIPA, and suggesting that those protections be extended to trademarks as well.

How Does the ABA’s Proposal Differ From Previously Rejected Legislation?

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Since the goal of brand management is to optimize the market’s perception of a brand, it follows that effective brand management requires establishing and maintaining a relationship with the target market. Recently, much of relationship development has been accomplished through social media. Although, brand awareness can expand with social media, but companies should be skeptical towards third-party statements regarding their brand.  In fact, legal recourse is available against third parties who engage in trade libel, defamation, and trademark or copyright infringements.

How Can Trademark Misuse Occur on Social Media?

Considering the risk that a negative criticism of a brand on social media will quickly harm the brand’s reputation, it is important for a company to be aware of the types of trademark misuse or infringement. The line between constitutionally-protected free speech and violations can be blurry. For instance, a social media username may be confused with an official brand account, either coincidentally or by imposters (i.e., posing as an employee or someone sponsored by the brand). Further, user statements may improperly dilute a trademark under the Federal Trademark Dilution Act through blurring (i.e., associating a mark with other goods/services) or tarnishment (i.e., associating a mark with substandard goods/services).

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Crowdfunding involves a large number of people contributing small amounts of money to finance a business venture, typically an early-stage startup company. Over the past several years, online crowdfunding platforms have become a popular tool for new businesses and entrepreneurs to market inventions, generate revenue, and increase customer base. While improving accessibility to funding offers a significant economic advantage, crowdfunders should be careful not to release too much information before legally protecting an original idea.

What Are the Legal Risks in Crowdfunding?

The major legal risks in crowdfunding stem from crowdfunders launching campaigns before adequately identifying and protecting intellectual property (IP). This inadequate IP protection may allow ideas and inventions to be copied or stolen without legal repercussions. The risk of unprotected IP is magnified by various public disclosure requirements mandated by online crowdfunding platforms. Specifically, popular crowdfunding websites like Kickstarter require detailed disclosures of how a particular invention or product works—beyond a simple prototype—before a campaign is posted. Moreover, sophisticated predators are constantly searching crowdfunding websites for unprotected ideas.

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With technological advances rendering complex cellular devices increasingly affordable, the majority of the world population is now using smartphones. Further, applications that employ global positioning system (GPS) tracking allow these worldwide smartphone users to take advantage of location-specific information and social networking. In addition, GPS technologies have aided law enforcement agencies in gathering evidence during criminal investigations. However, this convenience, and potential for enhanced public safety, brings the risk of sacrificing the privacy guaranteed to U.S. citizens by the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.

In particular, courts have been concerned with whether a warrant should be required for the government to search cell phones to obtain location data. The statistics regarding police cell phone tracking practices—compiled in an American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) report—convey the extent and significance of this issue. Of the hundreds of local law enforcement offices surveyed throughout the nation, nearly 95% reported tracking suspects via cell phone GPS data such as international calls, text messages, and emails. Although, some jurisdictions required a search warrant before engaging in this type of GPS tracking, however, some did not.  In any event, the applicable legal standards lacked consistency or clarity.

What are the Legal Concerns?

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